Wednesday, August 5, 2020
Networks Are Stabilizing: What About Cities?
Wednesday, July 22, 2020
Delta's Cuts: Where's Everyone Else?
When Friday's schedule load was processed, it was clear airlines were starting to publish more realistic September schedules. Delta led the pack with the most capacity reduced week-over-week for September travel. In total, Delta removed 1,659 domestic flights per day or 36% of the week's September schedule. But as we discussed last week, what airlines had filed in September and beyond was a fantasy.
We showed that before Delta's reduction, September was scheduled to be the highest number of expected seats since March 2020. Even as the industry showed some signs of recovering, for September seats to be higher than any month, especially all of the summer, would put us in the Twilight Zone.
Wednesday, July 15, 2020
One Way or Another, Expect More Capacity Cuts
In last week's post, we highlighted
TSA screening data that hypothesized both a lopsided summer recovered and
forecasted upcoming demand weaknesses for travel in August and September. Over
the weekend, domestic carriers started to back off many of their recent
capacity increases, as well as started reducing early fall capacity as
well.
While these capacity reductions, which we will discuss, look dire, it is important to remember that the fall capacity window still has a lot of fat to trim compared to the summer. What do I mean, well, if September were to fly today September 2020 would have 60% more seats flown vs. July 2020. Typically, September capacity decreases as summer travel wanes from a more leisure focus to more business or required travel. Last year, the largest carriers flew 10% fewer seats in September compared to July.
As we discussed last week, the summer recovery appears to be leisure-focused. Leisure dries up significantly starting in the first week of August and declines through September. So, with a lack of business-related bookings, there is little reason to expect significant growth in the fall.
On Tuesday, Delta had their first earnings call since everything came apart. In an interview on CNBC, Ed Bastian stated Delta sees similar trends. According to the interview, summer volumes are roughly 20-25% of average volume, mostly due to relatively good, but stalling, leisure demand. Business, on the other hand, is around 5%. It is unclear in the interview if he means business is 5% of total bookings or 5% of the previous year.
In the last two weeks, airlines have started to decrease their capacity, but all of these cuts are targeting August through September. Even with these reductions, capacity does gradually increase from ~50% down year-over-year in early July, to 25-30% down year-over-year in early September. After Labor Day, seats are flat to up, year-over-year.
With generally all carriers stating demand has started to plateau, Southwest's off-trend capacity approach doesn't add up to me. While it would be possible that Southwest sees a higher traffic return than other carriers, I do not believe this to be the cause. When we isolated predominately Southwest airports (DAL, OAK, MDW, and HOU), TSA screened passengers are only recovered to -75% year-over-year. I cannot imagine being down 10% in seats for August is sustainable.
If Southwest has bet wrong on the
August schedule, it would not surprise me to see a spike in day-of-cancellations
throughout the month.
But it is important to remember, too much capacity in the fall is not just a Southwest problem. All major carriers are running extremely hot with capacity immediately following Labor Day. With lagging demand, we should expect to see capacity cuts start rolling in soon.
Thursday, July 9, 2020
Repost: Behind the Cuts: Examining Why JetBlue is Cutting Long Beach
Cutting sucks. There’s a good chance you had to eat crow after defending the poor performance as you believed the route just needed to mature. But it was finally time. Due to aircraft constraints, pressure to get network performance up, or this route’s performance just dragged for too long without meaningful long term strategic value, today is execution day for this route. Regardless of the reason, someone is going to be pissed at your decision.
In my time as a planner, I heard it all:
- This is the most short-sighted decision ever made
- I am going to have (name the ULCC) enter the city and they will take all your customers
- You do not understand the city/market.
- You are lying
- Well, I'll be calling (name the Leader) and they will be reversing this decision
I bring this up not for sympathy, but for understanding. I was fortunate enough to have and still maintain great industry relationships. I bring this up as JetBlue's network planners are likely experiencing this exact same reaction both internally and externally with their decision to cut Long Beach. JetBlue employees are likely being displaced or their hours reduced and front line employees may be feeling left in the dark. However, JetBlue has been struggling in Long Beach since 2008 and are executing on their fourth attempt at a city recovery.
With that digression, let's dig deeper into JetBlue's history and ultimate decision to reduce its operation to just 15 daily flights.
In August 2001, JetBlue entered Long Beach with twice daily JFK service, which was quickly accelerated to three times daily. After JetBlue's initial launch, B6 rapidly built up its position at Long Beach in response to their initial success in the market. This continued until 2008 when they topped out on slots and performance.
Depth to Breadth
While the initial service into Long Beach appears to have been pretty successful for JetBlue, the performance love affair was shortlived. The Great Recession took a healthy bite into JetBlue’s revenue and in 2008 Long Beach's unit revenue production turned negative. Of the 14 routes, 12 were performing below the system RASM curve.
To counter the declining performance, JetBlue had to change something with the Long Beach service. Over a few years, JetBlue slowly began to transform Long Beach's network. The carrier believed their path to system returns lay with more markets at a lower frequency. The planners began to reduce higher frequency markets like IAD and JFK for lower frequency markets like AUS, PDX, SEA, and SFO.
Seasonalization
Even with the breadth approach, the network performance in Long Beach still dragged on the network. In 2011, Long Beach's unit revenue performance really took a turn for the worst. At this point, most routes were double-digit negative compared to JetBlue's RASM curve. The only routes that appear to be working were back to the East Coast. All other Long Beach markets really pulled on the JetBlue network.
Without immediate action, this level of revenue performance would become quickly unsustainable. In 2012, JetBlue began aggressively cutting off-peak flying. Typically, JetBlue would reduce its seasonal schedule by 5-10% off the peak. However, in 2012 thru 2014 the carrier reduced its off-peak schedule by 20% of peak schedules. This approach trimmed JetBlue's yearly departures by as much as 10%.
Save the Slots
In 2014, the Basin began to heat up as carriers started to fight for limited airport space. All secondary airports in the Basin, excluding ONT, are constrained by some type of noise controls. Orange County and Long Beach have slots, while Burbank has gate caps. As Orange County and Burbank started to fill, carriers began to shift their attention to Long Beach's limited slots.
Appetite for Long Beach began in earnest in late 2015 when the airport announced it would lift the noise cap to allow nine more flights into the airport. Of the nine new slots, JetBlue received three, Southwest four, and Delta two. Later, Southwest would use JetBlue’s underutilized slots to fuel additional growth in the city.
As is often the case with JetBlue’s focus city, these competitive incursions initiated a response from JetBlue. In August 2016, JetBlue announced its plans to fully utilize all of its slots. This shot JetBlue's departure count from ~23 daily flights in 2016 to 35 flights in 2017.
Plowing this much capacity into subpar routes is one heck of a way to start a turbine with cash. During this period, most routes moved further down the revenue production ladder. Long Beach now saw a sea of red as most routes were producing 20-40% below the system RASM curve.
The opportunity cost associated with operating these routes was astronomical. If these flights were deployed to routes that produced system average returns, JetBlue would have seen roughly $80M in additional ticket revenue. This value excludes all ancillary fees.
Now, I want to be extremely clear. The graph above does not state JetBlue lost $80M in Long Beach during their slot utilization ramp-up. Rather, the graph is an opportunity cost for flying underperforming routes. No one can say exactly how much money JetBlue made or lost in Long Beach except JetBlue. Please see my cost tangent if you receive airline "profitability reports". But the graph above can be used to understand the direction and magnitude of JetBlue's performance.
Slot Saving is Expensive
After what appears to be a massive drop in Long Beach performance, JetBlue tossed in the towel. Twice. Kinda. In September 2018, JetBlue reduced flights by 30% but would not return the slots back to the airport until months later. Interestingly, the carrier decided to only exit FLL and removed frequencies across a variety of underperforming markets rather than more significant market exits.
This is the one time I’ll fault JetBlue’s logic in this entire process. Long Beach was bleeding cash and the first round of reductions really did not feel in line with the city’s performance. The first round of cuts announced by JetBlue were focused on stopping the hemorrhaging, but not on truly getting the city healthy.
The reductions in capacity greatly increased the performance of the city in terms of year-over-year unit revenue production. However, year-over-year RASM growth is largely meaningless when JetBlue's 2018 route performance is factored in.
This is where we found JetBlue until last week. Most routes continued to underperform their system RASM curve. Intra-California routes to SMF and SJC were particularly terrible. This is in line with JetBlue’s market exits.
Will Cutting to Profitability Work?
After all the aggressive protectionism then retreating, do I think JetBlue may finally be stable within Long Beach? I give it a big maybe.
When we examine JetBlue as a whole, rather than just focusing on Long Beach, after the latest rounds of cuts, while still underperforming the system, Long Beach could be in much better financial position than it has been in quite some time. The routes that remain are generally within the tolerances of acceptable unit revenue performance. Don't get me wrong, the remaining routes are not stellar, but the entire system cannot be above system averages. Averages don't work that way.
Another thing to keep in mind, following this round of cuts, Long Beach is unlikely to have the JetBlue’s worst-performing routes attached to it. If JetBlue is looking to harvest and redistribute aircraft within their network, it appears they would have a healthy selection of other poor performers to sift through first.
Finally, there has to be consideration given to the logistics of routing crews out of the Long Beach crew base. Further cuts would make it nearly impossible for JetBlue to efficiently move crews. The costs associated with dislocating LGB based crews are might be prohibitive given the production of the remaining routes compared to extremes such as shutting down a flight crew station.
The only wildcard for Long Beach is competition, but I would not expect immediate meaningful competitive growth. Kate Kuykendall, Long Beach's public affairs officer, stated the airport has not received an official notice from JetBlue regarding their intention to relinquish slots at the airport. The airport is well aware of the announced reductions, however, until JetBlue returns slots, the airport cannot start the process of reallocating them to other carriers.
According to the Long Beach airport, JetBlue has 24 permanent flight slots. These slots have minimum usage requirements which JetBlue will dip below during the 3Q2020. This could mean, without JetBlue voluntarily surrendering their slots, it may be the 4Q2020 or 1Q2021 before slots are reallocated from this flight reduction. If the 14.8 average daily flights are the baseline for JetBlue's new slot allocation, we should expect to see JetBlue be allocated 17-18 slots, which free 6-7 slots for competitors.
JetBlue's potential delay in relinquishing slots should not come as a surprise. When JetBlue reduced capacity in September 2018, the carrier did not return its unused slots until the spring of 2019. Further, in New York, I suspect there are a lot of hard feelings following increases in curfew fines, increases in slot utilization requirements, and the city walking away from the international terminal. I do not expect JetBlue to play along nicely with its slots.
By the time the JetBlue surrenders the slots and the airport executes on the allocation process, we could be looking at early 2021 before Long Beach sees carriers backfill in the airport. In the more near term, the airport is already in the process to allocate three new noise supplemental slots. This process should be completed in February.
According to CrankyFlier, three carriers remain interested in additional Long Beach slots: Delta; Hawaiian; and Southwest. Based on JetBlue's remaining network, I believe there is limited exposure that you can reasonably see these three carriers overlapping with JetBlue.
If Delta were wanting to increase pressure in SLC, they already have the opportunity with their last slot allocation which they sent to Vegas. On the Southwest network, a reasonable person could argue for additional Las Vegas flights or maybe a long shot at Austin service. Otherwise, I’d expect the new capacity to be allocated away from JetBlue’s Long Beach network by these carriers.
Barring Alaska jumping into the mix, which is possible, but not likely, SEA, PDX, and SFO are unlikely to see additional competitive pressures. With Alaska exiting Long Beach in 2015, I do not see a large possibility of them wanting to relaunch the city.
This should for the time being bring stability to JetBlue in Long Beach.
Wednesday, July 8, 2020
Fall Travel Is Flashing Red
There's plenty to be worried about as an airline employee these days. As the coronavirus is spiking across much of the south, United just announced their bookings are off, and WARN will start heading to Delta and United employees in the next couple of weeks. This is not exactly the environment that I hoped to restart weekly posts.
Unfortunately, this post will not bring the rays of hope that many might have wished for with this post. In fact, I, unfortunately, believe in the next few weeks, we will see additional bookings headwinds which should have been predictable and independent from the regionally impacted booking headwinds associated with coronavirus travel restrictions. The wishful thinking forecasts by some in the industry of V-shaped recoveries or 90% recovered by the end of the year will likely falter over the next few weeks.
I do want to be transparent in my research below. There are a some generalities discussed below. These generalities included business/leisure mix and travel trends. Typically, I stay away from these data points as they are impossible to prove at a market level with public data. However, I believe for my analysis, the value of these generalities significantly outweigh the risks.
On Monday, CMT Engineering's Air Service group published an interestinganalysis digging into the TSA's daily screening data. Their conclusion, ULCC and LCC checkpoints, have higher year-over-year recovery rates compared to other security checkpoints. Thus, it is likely Allegiant and other ULCCs/LCCs are leading the travel recovery.
I thought the whitepaper was quite
interesting and wanted to dig deeper into their analysis and expand on it.
Following the same methodology, if we segment cities into predominately
Allegiant cities (90%+ of departing seats) and other cities, Allegiant cities
took longer to experience the rapid decline in passenger demand and recovered
quicker.
The gaps in
the lines are associated with weeks the TSA has not published data for
airports.
The above chart also validates with Allegiant's May traffic figures. According to the investor update, May traffic was down roughly 70%. The chart above estimates Allegiant’s May traffic would be down 69%. This indicates CMT's white paper methodology is reliable.
In the last week of available TSA data (June 20th), Allegiant cities had recovered to be *only* 30-40% down in passengers year-over-year. This is not some fluke where the year-over-year compares were easier in the summer with these cities. As the cities move through the summer travel season, we see a steady rise in passengers at Allegiant dominate airports.
So if the recovery is entirely
leisurely focused, let's turn back to the Allegiant focused airports in an
annual view. After the first week of August, demand across the Allegiant
network significantly drops off and bottoms out around the first to the second
week of September. At the Allegiant airports' lowest point, passenger demands
are 40% off summer peaks. Let's also not forget after July 4th, passenger demand
starts to wane across the network.
Tuesday, June 30, 2020
Restarting Weekly Posts
Monday, May 4, 2020
Delta's Push to Drop Small Cities
Few things chap my hide as individuals or companies going back on a deal. In the middle of April, airlines announced the agreements with the federal government as part of the CARES act funding. At the time of the agreement, airlines submitted their requests for minimum service exemptions required as part of their CARES funding. If you have been paying attention, most of these service exemptions were rejected by the DOT.
It appears the DOT will only approval exemptions to minimum service levels if an airline can demonstrate a local travel ban (Hawaii and Puerto Rico), show they will offer a unique service pattern, or travelers can be recovered by co-term airports. United most recently tried the latter to expand the number of cities to be temporarily dropped from their network. The DOT flat rejected all requests that were not supported by the local government.
This rejection did not prevent Delta from attempting to drop nine domestic cities due to their proximity to other Delta cities. The entire premise of Delta’s filing is these nine cities are generally within 60 miles of the nearest Delta city, but no other meaningful data was provided.
The level of analysis provided by Delta should warrant a giant red rejection from the DOT. Delta’s “evidence” that these airports were in co-terms with other cities was the airport name:
“Similarly, Savannah, GA (SAV) is an adequate substitute for Hilton Head, SC (HHH), and Orlando, FL (MCO) is an adequate substitute for Melbourne, FL (MLB), as evidenced by the fact that SAV is actually called the Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport and MLB is called the Orlando Melbourne International Airport.” (DOT-OST-2020-0037)
The practice of airports naming themselves after a large, semi-near attraction has always bothered me. Melbourne’s and Orlando’s airports took their airport naming fight to federal court. Orlando felt so threatened by an airport 1% their size, they filed a federal lawsuit to force Melbourne to stop calling themselves “Orlando.” I guess they forgot about Orlando/Sanford up the street...
When it comes to airport naming, I have always taken the position an airport should feel free to call themselves whatever name they would like. Why? It is quite simple. Unless the airport can convince ticket distribution channels to update their name, it really does not matter. Airline and distribution channels co-term airports by their definitions. If an airline or distribution channel feels like airports are indeed in the same area, they often present both airports as travel options. In fact, Delta does this with its website as well. When we type in Los Angeles, both Burbank and LAX are presented as options. However, if I search for Orlando, only MCO appears. Melbourne is nowhere to be found.
In my opinion, airports should stop this practice. Renaming an airport has real costs to it (signage, documents, time, etc.) with no real benefit. I have yet to see an airport rename itself, without the support of a distribution channel name change as well, and see positive results.
But, I cannot fault completely Delta for attempting this maneuver, regardless of how much I disagree with it. When it came time for Melbourne to eat crow and demonstrate they are a different airport from Orlando, they mostly missed the opportunity. In fact, the airport helped support Delta’s request by stating:
“Lastly, Delta mentioned it can simply shift all operations to nearby Orlando International Airport (MCO) and that since we share the same market, out customers can simply use Delta’s existing capacity at MCO. We ardently disagree with this approach as MLB has worked extremely hard to provide distinctive service amenities for our customers and we would regret losing even more of our market share because of this decision” (DOT-OST-2020-0037-0113).
Notice in the response, the airport worries about its market share with Orlando. Pretty much arguing they are the same catchment area, even when this is not the case. While the airport might compete with some Florida visitors, Orlando and Melbourne are entirely different markets in how they function. Orlando is the king of inbound traffic; however, MLB relies on the local economy to drive outbound traffic. When we look at all Florida airports, only Tallahassee and Gainesville airports generate a higher percentage of their traffic from the local demand.
Melbourne’s response is mostly silent on this fact. They touched on their local businesses, but the airport’s response was primarily emotional-based with a few links to news articles. I fault the airport here as they could have been much more data-driven in their response. Delta’s original request to suspend service and their response were equally lacking in data to warrant a grant for suspension.
In Delta’s follow up response, Delta claims, “the actual demand has fallen to almost zero at the airports at issue in the request.” Again, this is extremely misleading as Delta has said this is the case across their entire network: “This has led to an unprecedented situation where demand for near-term air travel dropped to almost zero in a matter of weeks.” With the information alone, Delta has failed to show how the financial results of these markets are any different than the rest of their network.
Instead, I suspect Delta’s request to drop MLB comes entirely down to its decision to accelerate the retirements of its aging fleet. On Thursday, Delta announced they would retire the MD-88s and MD-90s. Even with a large amount of their fleet grounded, these Mad Dogs are still active in the May schedule (Source: The Hub by Airline Data Inc). Delta will be under pressure to backfill at least some of the MD-88/90 flights with a smaller gauge aircraft. While regional jets might look like a preferred option, grounding mainline aircraft in place for regional backfill would likely break Delta’s scope clause.
Melbourne has a unique asset compared to other cities. Currently, Delta operates once daily 717 service. Since the 717 operates with only 110 seats, Delta can use this aircraft to replace much larger mainline aircraft without running into possible scope clause issues. The other cities requested that Delta has requested to be discontinued are operated by 50 seat CRJ-20, excluding HHH, which has E75 service. (Source: The Hub by Airline Data Inc) But Delta uses load factors as an attempt to show equality between the cities.
This is disingenuous at best. Delta has access to fleet-level load factor comparisons, which could actually make the case to drop MLB, but the carrier failed to provide detailed level analysis. Additionally, if Delta truly wanted to show MLB and MCO were the same market, Delta has zip code level customer data, which they could map out purchasing patterns between the two markets. But again, they failed to provide this information. The airline provided, at best, the good ol’ college try with Google Maps.
If Delta wants the 717 out of MLB and reduce costs, they have other options than discontinuing the Melbourne. Regional service would keep MLB on the network for now.
Generally, I believe airlines should have the choice to enter and exit cities as they please. However, most major carriers made a deal with the federal government for grants and loans in exchange for minimum service guarantees. The DOT had predefined catchment areas, which the airlines had to agree to upfront. If the DOT allows more a more liberal definition of which cities can be discontinued, expect a bloodbath at the small city level. If Delta were granted the ability to drop any of these cities, expect American and United to submit a carbon copy to drop these cities as well within a week.
At least with MLB, Delta has failed
to present a reasonable case to drop MLB. The DOT should quickly deny this
request, but I fear with many airports focusing on emotional rather than
data-driven responses to these requests, the major carriers will get approval
to start hacking cities off their network. And once a city comes off a carrier’s
network, don’t expect it to return anytime soon. But hey, airlines, if you want
approval to drop cities, you can have blanket approval on October 1,
2020.